Vad är fight or flight response

Physiological reaction to a perceived threat or harmful event

"Fight or flight" redirects here. For other uses, see kamp or flygning (disambiguation).

The fight-or-flight or the fight-flight-freeze-or-fawn^[1] (also called hyperarousal or the acute stress response) fryst vatten a physiological reaction that occurs in response to a perceived harmful event, attack, or threat to survival.^[2] It was first described bygd Walter stad i england kanon in 1915.^[a][3] His theory states that animals react to threats with a general discharge of the sympathetic nervous struktur, preparing the djur for fighting or fleeing.^[4] More specifically, the adrenal medulla produces a hormonal cascade that results in the secretion of catecholamines, especially norepinephrine and epinephrine.^[5] The hormones estrogen, testosterone, and cortisol, as well as the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin, also affect how organisms react to stress.^[6] The hormone osteocalcin might also play a part.^[7][8]

This response fryst vatten recognised as the first scen of the general adaptation syndrome that regulates stress responses among vertebrates and other organisms.^[9]

Name

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Originally understood as the "fight-or-flight" response in Cannon's research,^[3] the state of hyperarousal results in several responses beyond fighting or fleeing. This has led people to calling it the "fight, flygning, freeze" response, "fight-flight-freeze-fawn"^{[1][citation needed]} or "fight-flight-faint-or-freeze", among other variants.^[10]

The wider array of responses, such as freezing, flop, faint, flee and fright,^[11] has led researchers to use more neutral or accommodating terminology such as "hyperarousal" or the "acute stress response".

Physiology

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Autonomic nervous system

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See also: Autonomic nervous system

The autonomic nervous struktur fryst vatten a control struktur that acts largely unconsciously and regulates heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, pupillary response, urination, and sexuell arousal. This struktur fryst vatten the primary mechanism in control of the fight-or-flight response and its role fryst vatten mediated bygd two different components: the sympathetic nervous struktur and the parasympathetic nervous system.^[12]

Sympathetic nervous system

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See also: Sympathetic nervous system

The sympathetic nervous struktur originates in the spinal cord and its main function fryst vatten to activate the arousal responses that occur during the fight-or-flight response.^[13] The sympathetic nervous struktur transfers signals from the dorsal hypothalamus, which activates the heart, increases vascular resistance, and increases blood flow, especially to the muscle, heart, and brain tissues.^[14] It activates the adrenal medulla, releasing catecholamines that amplify the sympathetic response. Additionally, this component of the autonomic nervous struktur utilizes and activates the release of norepinephrine bygd the adrenal glands in the reaction.^[15]

Parasympathetic nervous system

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See also: Parasympathetic nervous system

The parasympathetic nervous struktur originates in the sacral spinal cord and medulla, physically surrounding the sympathetic ursprung, and works in concert with the sympathetic nervous struktur. It fryst vatten known as the calming portion of the autonomic nervous system.^[16] While the sympathetic nervous struktur fryst vatten activated, the parasympathetic nervous struktur decreases its response. Efferent vagal fibers originating from the nucleus ambiguous fire in parallel to the respiratory struktur, decreasing the vagal cardiac parasympathetic tone.^[17] After the kamp or flygning response, the parasympathetic system's main function fryst vatten to activate the "rest and digest" response and return the body to homeostasis. This struktur utilizes and activates the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.^[18]

Reaction

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The reaction begins in the amygdala, which triggers a neural response in the hypothalamus. The första reaction fryst vatten followed bygd activation of the pituitary gland and secretion of the hormone ACTH.^[19] The adrenal gland fryst vatten activated almost simultaneously, via the sympathetic nervous struktur, and releases the hormone epinephrine. The release of kemikalie messengers results in the production of the hormone cortisol, which increases blood pressure, blood sugar, and suppresses the immune system.^[20]

The första response and subsequent reactions are triggered in an effort to create a boost of energy. This boost of energy fryst vatten activated bygd epinephrine binding to liver cells and the subsequent production of glucose.^[21] Additionally, the circulation of cortisol functions to vända fatty acids into available energy, which prepares muscles throughout the body for response.^[22]

Catecholamine hormones, such as adrenaline (epinephrine) or noradrenaline (norepinephrine), facilitate immediate physical reactions associated with a preparation for violent muscular action.^[23]

Function of physiological changes

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The physiological changes that occur during the kamp or flygning response are activated in beställning to give the body increased strength and speed in anticipation of fighting or running. Some of the specific physiological changes and their functions include:^[24][25][26]

• Increased blood flow to the muscles activated bygd diverting blood flow from other parts of the body to man taking quick action easier.
• Increased blood pressure and heart rate enhance cardiac output in beställning to supply the body with more energy.
• Increased blood sugar (glucose) and fats secreted bygd the liver to provide the body with ytterligare fuel.
• Increased respiration to supply the oxygen necessary to help bränna the extra glucose.
• The blood clotting function of the body speeds up in beställning to prevent excessive blood loss in the event of an injury sustained during the response.
• Increased muscle tension in beställning to provide the body with ytterligare speed and strength, which can result in trembling or shaking until the tension fryst vatten released.
• The pupils dilate to let in more light, allowing for better framtidsperspektiv of the body's surroundings.

Emotional components

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Emotion regulation

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See also: Emotional self-regulation

In the context of the kamp or flygning response, emotional regulation fryst vatten used proactively to avoid threats of stress or to control the level of emotional arousal.^[27][28]

Emotional reactivity

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During the reaction, the intensity of emotion that fryst vatten brought on bygd the stimulus will also determine the natur and intensity of the behavioral response.^[29] Individuals with higher levels of emotional reactivity (Such as an anxiety disorder) may be prone to anxiety and aggression, which illustrates the implications of appropriate emotional reaction in the kamp or flygning response.^[30][31]

Cognitive components

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Content specificity

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The specific components of cognitions in the kamp or flygning response seem to be largely negativ. These negativ cognitions may be characterised by: attention to negativ stimuli, the observation of ambiguous situations as negativ, and the recurrence of recalling negativ words.^[32] There also may be specific negativ thoughts associated with emotions commonly seen in the reaction.^[33]

Perception of control

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See also: Control (psychology)

Perceived control relates to an individual's thoughts about control over situations and events.^[34] Perceived control should be differentiated from actual control because an individual's beliefs about their abilities may not reflect their actual abilities. Therefore, overestimation or underestimation of perceived control can lead to anxiety and aggression.^[35]

Social upplysning processing

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See also: Social upplysning processing (cognition)

The social resultat processing model proposes a variety of factors that determine behavior in the context of social situations and preexisting thoughts.^[36] The attribution of hostility, especially in ambiguous situations, seems to be one of the most important cognitive factors associated with the kamp or flygning response because of its implications towards aggression.^[37]

Other animals

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Evolutionary perspective

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An evolutionary psychology explanation fryst vatten that early animals had to react to threatening stimuli quickly and did not have time to psychologically and physically prepare themselves.^[38] The kamp or flygning response provided them with the mechanisms to rapidly respond to threats against survival.^[39][40]

Examples

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A typical example of the stress response fryst vatten a grazing zebra. If the zebra sees a lion closing in for the kill, the stress response fryst vatten activated as a means to escape its predator. The escape requires intense muscular effort, supported bygd all of the body's systems. The sympathetic nervous system's activation provides for these needs. A similar example involving kamp fryst vatten of a katt about to be attacked bygd a dog. The katt shows accelerated heartbeat, piloerection (hair standing on end), and pupil dilation, all signs of sympathetic arousal.^[23] Note that the zebra and katt still maintain homeostasis in all states.

In July 1992, Behavioral Ecology published experimental research conducted bygd biologist Lee A. Dugatkin where guppies were sorted into "bold", "ordinary", and "timid" groups based upon their reactions when confronted bygd a smallmouth bass (i.e. inspecting the predator, hiding, or swimming away) after which the guppies were left in a tank with the bass. After 60 hours, 40 percent of the timid guppies and 15 percent of the ordinary guppies survived while none of the djärv guppies did.^[41][42]

Varieties of responses

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Animals respond to threats in many complex ways. Rats, for instance, try to escape when threatened but will kamp when cornered. Some animals stand perfectly still so that predators will not see them. Many animals frysa or play dead when touched in the hope that the predator will lose interest.

Other animals have alternative self-protection methods. Some species of cold-blooded animals change color swiftly to camouflage themselves.^[43] These responses are triggered bygd the sympathetic nervous struktur, but, in beställning to passform the model of kamp or flygning, the idea of flygning must be broadened to include escaping capture either in a physical or sensory way. Thus, flygning can be disappearing to another location or just disappearing in place, and kamp and flygning are often combined in a given situation.^[44]

The kamp or flygning actions also have polarity – the individual can either kamp against or flee from something that fryst vatten threatening, such as a hungry lion, or kamp for or flyga eller fly undan towards something that fryst vatten needed, such as the safety of the shore from a raging river.

A threat from another djur does not always result in immediate kamp or flygning. There may be a period of heightened awareness, during which each djur interprets behavioral signals from the other. Signs such as paling, piloerection, immobility, sounds, and body language communicate the ställning eller tillstånd and intentions of each djur. There may be a sort of negotiation, after which kamp or flygning may ensue, but which might also result in playing, mating, or ingenting at all. An example of this fryst vatten kittens playing: each kitten shows the signs of sympathetic arousal, but they never inflict real damage.

See also

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Notes

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References

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Further reading

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External links

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